Earthquakes Effect 

An earthquake occurs when a sudden movement of rock blocks occurs under the surface of the earth, which results in the release of large amounts of energy that are transmitted in the form of shock waves that cause vibration, and this movement is one of the internal forces of the planet that contributes continuously to changing the shape of its surface. 

Earthquakes occurred for more than 4 billion years, and there are thousands of earthquakes that occur every day, and although most of them represent small vibrations. Some of them are strong enough to destroy cities, and cause the death of thousands of human lives. 

The earthquakes that occurred in the 12th Century led to the loss of more than one million lives, and the type of potential danger depends on the size of the earthquake, the distance of the region from its focus, and the strength of seismic activity. In addition to other factors, such as: the topography of the region, the geological nature under the surface of the earth, the design of buildings, and groundwater, and it is worth noting that always.

What is followed by large earthquakes?

Earth vibrations Earthquakes are the most frequent effects of earthquakes, and their intensity may vary according to the strength of seismic waves, ranging from simple tremors accompanying small earthquakes, to strong tremors that occur with large earthquakes, and a strong earthquake may last for several minutes, during which it causes damage from destruction and damage to buildings and facilities, and the fall of things. 

Cracks and Landslides

 Earthquakes sometimes result in cracks in the ground, but they are a relatively rare effect, and they are formed as a result of the earthquake movement along a weak area such as a rift, which causes the surface of the earth to break, and these ground cracks cause damage to humans, as they cause cracks In pipelines, tunnels, water channels, railways, roads, and airport runways, the occurrence of ground cracks in these areas is liable to destroy them or cause severe damage to them.

Earthquakes resulting from earthquakes stabilizing slopes, causing landslides and falling rocks. Heavy rains and cracked rocks are factors that increase the likelihood and severity of avalanches.

These collapses may lead to the destruction of buildings, the erosion of homes, the blocking of roads and railways, and in some cases they can block rivers. Gas leaks from broken gas pipes, or as a result of an electrical short in the damaged power lines, or from overturning burning wood or coal stoves, and the situation may increase in the event of a water outage as a result of damage to water lines and pipelines, which makes it difficult to extinguish the fire, which may last for a long time, This, in turn, leads to the destruction of homes, leaving many residents homeless. 

Tsunami waves 

Sometimes tsunamis produce a secondary effect of some types of earthquakes, and tsunami is a Japanese term that means harbor wave. A tsunami wave is a huge water wave produced due to a change in altitude Ocean water as a result of the sudden vertical displacement of the bottom due to earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic formations, and a tsunami wave begins from the turbulence zone at the ocean floor, and it may travel to long distances, and its speed depends on the depth of the ocean, it may reach about 0. 2 km/sec (712 km/h), and the height of tsunami waves is about tens of meters, ranging between 10-20 m in most, and a few of them may reach a height of 90 meters.

 Tsunami waves are slower than seismic waves. Therefore, seismic vibrations warn of the danger of a tsunami before the wave arrives, but the time may not be enough to take precautions in the areas near the earthquake. In shallow waters, the energy that is distributed throughout the ocean is concentrated and accumulated, the wave height increases, and tsunami waves are usually more destructive to coastal areas and communities than the earthquakes they cause, and may lead to damage, destruction, and death.

Soil liquefaction:

When sandy soil saturated with water is subjected to ground vibrations by the earthquake, and as a result, the soil loses strength and hardness, and becomes a viscous liquid. Up to a depth of 9 m below the surface of the earth, and the second is that the ground vibration is strong enough to cause liquefaction, and soil liquefaction may lead to significant damage to property around the world, including the sinking and inclination of buildings, the collapse of slopes, and the subsidence and cracking of the surface of the earth.

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