BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS : Stone Part-B

 Uses of stones:

1. Structure: Foundations, columns, lintels, partitions, arches, roofs, floors, etc. are manufactured from stone.

2. Face works. Usually, a huge appearance to the shape is followed from stones. Bricks are used for partitions and going through is carried out in stones of favored shades. This is called composite masonry.

3. Paving stones: The ground of the constructing is protected through those stones are of numerous kinds which includes residential, commercial, industrial, etc.

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Also paving of roads, footpaths, etc. are shaped from such stones.

4. Basic material: The fundamental fabric utilized in cement concrete, calcareous cement,  morum of roads, hole blocks, synthetic stones, etc. are shaped from the stones. 

5. Misalliances: Stones also are used for (i) ballast for railways (ii) Blocks withinside the construction of bridges, piers, abutments, keeping partitions, lighthouses, dams (iii) flux withinside the blast furnace, etc.

What should be the qualities/ requirements of a good building stone:

The following are the primary features or necessities of a very good constructing stone.

1. Crushing strength:  For a very good constructing stone, the crushing strength have to be more than l000kg consistent with cm2 (1 ton/ cm2).

Crushing strength

2. Appearance: The color of a very good constructing stone have to be uniform, and loose from spots of different color bands,  clay holes, etc., and have to be able to keeping the color for an extended time.

3. Durability: The stone must be durable. Heat and cold opportunity moist and dry, dissolved gases withinside the rain, excessive wind velocity, etc. are the elements that have an effect on durability.

Durability

4. Fracture: For a very good constructing stone, its fracture have to be sharp, even, and clear.

5. Hardness: The hardness treated  in road works, if

> than 17, as hard 

If it is among 14 to 17, medium hardness,

If it is < 14> 8.7 or so. for a very good constructing stone.

6. Percentage wear: The percentage of wear should be equal to or less than 3 percent, for a good building stone. 

7. Resistance to fire: A good building stone be fireproof. Sandstone, Argillaceous stone resists fire quite well. 

8. Specific gravity: The specific gravity > 8.7 or so. for a good building stone.

9. Texture: The compact nice crystalline structure have to be there in a very good constructing stone and additionally have to be loose from cavities, patches of stuff, or loose fabric or cracks.

10. Water absorption:  The percent absorption via way of means of weight after 24 hours have to not exceed 0.60. for a very good constructing stone.

11. Seasoning: Stones need to be properly seasoned earlier than placing into use. A period of approximately 6 to 12 months is taken into consideration to be sufficient for correct seasoning.

12. Toughness Index: Impact test, the value of toughness

 < 13> 19 - High

REFERENCE BOOKS:-  

1. BUILDING MATERIAL   - RANGAWALA

2. BUILDING MATERIAL    - SUSHIL KUMAR

3. BUILDING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION  - B.P.BINDRA

4. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION   - B.C.RANGWALA

5. BUILDING MATERIALS - A.KAMALA

6. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS -MR. SHRIKANT D. BOBADE